We’ve all heard it– the rumbling sounds of a Mustang’s V8; the rapid-fire blat blat blat of a modified Honda Civic; or the rasp of a Subaru WRX. The unique configuration of a car’s exhaust system is responsible for all these sounds and more.

Regardless of the type of vehicle you drive, every exhaust system is composed of a few basic parts. Held together with a series of clamps, and working in conjunction with hangers, flanges, and gaskets, your exhaust system performs the task of preventing harmful engine emissions from entering the car. Our car repair team breaks down the basics below.

Parts of the Exhaust System

While the configuration may vary, a basic exhaust system contains the following parts:

• Exhaust Manifold – Think of this component as a funnel for fumes. It directs engine emissions from the engine cylinders to an exit, known as the front pipe. 

• Engine Cylinders – These create the power of the engine. In the cylinders, fuel is heated and converted into energy to get your vehicle in motion. Within a cylinder is a piston that moves up and down, compressing the fuel and creating combustion.

• Front Pipe – This part of the exhaust system sends toxic engine emissions through a catalytic converter, the function of which is to filter the toxic fumes and particles into less harmful gasses. As a result, the gasses emitted from the converter in a gasoline engine become inert. 

  • Inert gas is one that is non-reactive when combined with other elements. The job of the catalytic converter is to transform a toxic gas like carbon monoxide (CO) into carbon dioxide (CO2). Some toxic gases from an engine are converted into water vapor.

• Muffler and Resonator – After the catalytic converter, the gasses go through the muffler, which deadens sound. Mufflers are a series of tubes, holes, baffles, and chambers that manipulate the sounds produced by the engine so they are muffled. The resonator acts like a tuner, altering engine noise frequencies to create the ideal exhaust note.

• Exhaust Note – Did you know you can tune your car to have different exhaust notes? Like an instrument, your car produces a cacophony of sounds. The type of engine you have (V8, six- or four-cylinder) can contribute to the exhaust note your car produces. With customization to your exhaust system, you can alter the final note of your car’s engine. For example, customizing the stock exhaust manifold or muffler on your vehicle can change your exhaust note from a rumble to a rasp.

• Tail Pipe – This is the pipe, typically found at the back of the car, that provides a final exit for all the fumes created by the engine.

  • Master AutoTech can help you with car repair needs related to your stock muffler and exhaust system, or we can work with your customized upgrades. We provide both standard and custom exhaust replacements and/or customizations.

At Master AutoTech we might be slightly biased, but we are pretty passionate about this important operating system in your car.

Purpose of the exhaust system

Now that you know what parts are in the exhaust system, let’s talk about why we have them. 

The first patent for a vehicle powered by a gasoline engine was requested in 1886. But, for about a decade, mufflers weren’t a part of the exhaust system. People could hear you coming from a mile away! In 1897, the first muffler was invented to silence the exhaust of a motorbike, and everyone heaved a sigh of relief; motorcycles and automobiles would no longer terrorize the ears of pedestrians or horses along the roadways.

In addition to muffling sound, an exhaust system is also designed to reduce air pollution, enhance engine performance, and improve fuel consumption.

Toxins Produced by Engines

• Carbon monoxide

• Hydrocarbons

• Nitrogen Oxide

• Nitrogen Monoxide

In 1952, the catalytic converter was patented to reduce the toxic emissions produced by car exhaust. In modern vehicles, catalytic converters are responsible for converting about 90% of these pollutants into inert gases such as carbon dioxide, nitrogen, and water vapor. Before the use of catalysts in cars, it’s believed the pollution emitted by one car would equal that produced by 100 cars today.

In a diesel engine, a particulate filter works with a catalytic converter to not only reduce toxic fumes emitted but actual particulate matter as well. These filters are 90-99% effective at keeping pollutants out of the air.

Due to environmental regulations on emissions, it’s important to visit your trusted car repair experts for routine maintenance to prevent damage to your exhaust system. You don’t want to be known as the noisiest car on the block!

How the Exhaust Improves Engine Performance

Whether you’re working with your original exhaust system or an aftermarket upgrade, a performance exhaust can more efficiently direct gases out of the engine. As a result, the engine can focus on creating more power for your vehicle and can run smoother. The faster the “bad” air leaves the engine, the faster “good” air can combine with fuel and get on with the work of combustion.

For car repair needs ranging from mufflers and oil changes to emissions testing and tire rotation, make your appointment with Master AutoTech today.

There’s nothing wrong with choosing an exhaust based on the way it sounds or looks, if of course your goal is to make it sound/look better. If your goal is to increase performance, however, it’s a different story. Let’s break this down into four sections :

1. What are the parts of an exhaust?
2. Why should an exhaust be upgraded?
3. Test results from upgrading a stock car’s exhaust: Is it worth it?
4. Alex’s MX-5: Should you heat wrap an exhaust?

If you’re unfamiliar with exhausts, this video will break down the basics:

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1. What Are The Parts Of An Exhaust?

Exhaust Manifold/Header
This is the first point of contact for the exhaust gases after they exit the cylinder head. It’s also a commonly upgraded item where heavy cast manifolds are swapped out for tubular headers. The idea behind upgrading to an exhaust header typically comes down to increasing the exhaust piping diameter as well as increasing exhaust scavenging by aligning the exhaust pulses in a favorable fashion.

Catalytic converter
This is the device which allows you to still breathe the air while you’re visiting Los Angeles. It takes the incoming NOx, CO, and unburnt hydrocarbons from the exhaust and “converts” it into much less harmful N2, O2, CO2, and H2O.

Piping
It’s ideal not to have your exhaust gases pump directly underneath your car, filling your cabin with fumes. You’ll need some pipes to route the air elsewhere.

Resonator
Though it’s not a necessary portion of an exhaust, it’s often included as it helps to eliminate noise. Resonators work by rejecting sound waves and canceling each other out, and they’re typically tuned for a specific frequency in which the engine noise is loud or undesirable.

Muffler
There are many types of mufflers, but the goal is pretty much the same: eliminate noise. One of the most common ways they work is by redirecting the airflow. Along the way, the exhaust passes through porous pipes which allow the exhaust gases to expand into sound deadening material, minimizing the noise that finally exits the tailpipe.

2. Why Should An Exhaust Be Upgraded?

When I looked into upgrading the exhaust on my car, my original goal was simply to see if it made any difference. Would performance increase or decrease? It’s important to understand that the velocity at which your exhaust exits is one of the key elements to its performance. When your engine is at low RPM, the amount of exhaust gases leaving is low, so the velocity it exits the exhaust is low. You can increase this velocity by using a smaller pipe, but this will create a restriction for higher RPM.

Exhaust scavenging makes an exhaust system more efficient because as your exhaust gases pulse out of the engine (from each exhaust stroke of the engine), you have a high pressure area leading the exhaust pulse, followed by a low pressure area (with a transition). This low pressure area helps to pull the next exhaust pulse out, meaning the piston has less work to do when it’s forcing out the exhaust gases. Ultimately the goal is to have the fastest exhaust velocity with the least amount of restriction (which of course isn’t as simple as writing that sentence).

The whole idea is to increase your exhaust diameter as the amount of exhaust your engine creates increases. This reduces restriction and allows for more flow. If you have modified your engine, you’ll need to modify the exhaust as well to allow for more airflow.

This video explains the logic behind performance exhausts:

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3. Test Results From Upgrading An Integra Exhaust

For my ‘99 Integra, I installed a cat-back exhaust with an inner diameter of 2.25-inches versus the stock exhaust which had an inner diameter of 1.8-inches. This is the only modification that was on the car for the testing. The results are somewhat predictable, but certainly interesting to learn from. For my testing I ran three acceleration runs in each of 1st, 2nd, and 3rd gear, with both the stock and aftermarket exhaust. I took the average of each of the three run times, shown below:

Low RPM

Mid RPM

Mid/High RPM

Gear/Speed

3rd (20-40 mph)

2nd (20-40 mph)

1st 2k-6k RPM

Stock (sec.)

4.622

3.056

2.200

Catback (sec.)

4.656

2.978

2.133

% Diff

-0.73%

2.59%

3.09%

What you can see is that the stock exhaust was ideal for the lower RPM range (0.73 per cent faster), while the cat-back exhaust performed better once you’re into the higher RPM range (3.09 per cent faster). Further breaking down the data I had, it revealed the cat-back performed best in the 5000-6000 RPM range. For a full explanation of the test results, check out the video below:

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So, why should you upgrade, or not upgrade your exhaust, assuming you’ll achieve similar results?

Daily Driver
If you’re starting with a car that’s completely stock, and this car is your daily driver, you’re going to get better performance on the low end with the stock exhaust, and this will likely be the RPM range you stay in for the majority of driving.

Track Car
If this is a dedicated car for spirited driving, it can make sense, even in the case of a stock car, to upgrade the exhaust. If you’re keeping the engine within the higher RPM range while driving (such as on a track), you’ll benefit from the lack of restriction the larger exhaust provides. That said, you’ll find the exhaust much more meaningful if you actually upgrade the engine performance.

Which brings us to the final discussion point, Alex’s MX-5:

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4. Alex’s MX-5 & Heat Wrapping

Aside from the reasons Alex mentioned for heat-wrapping the exhaust in his video, what are the reasons for doing so? Several things come to mind:

Benefits:

• Heat is energy. If you need the energy of the heat to power something in a car (for example, a turbocharger), it makes sense that you want to keep as much of that heat as possible. This is one of the reasons why you’ll see heat-wrapping in motorsport with forced induction. It’s also a reason why Mercedes kept its exhaust system very small in its Formula 1 car, as it gives it less time to lose heat (and saves weight). An exposed exhaust radiates heat, and this is energy that otherwise could be harvested. In other words, Alex’s Miata resembles one of the greatest pieces of technology in motorsport.
• Heat is bad for your intake. If your engine bay is super hot, your intake temperatures will increase. You’ve all heard the story - less dense air means less oxygen and less power. Heat-wrapping the exhaust in some cases can reduce the engine bay temperature, and reject more of that heat out of the exhaust pipe instead.
• As the exhaust cools it slows down. Keeping the exhaust temperatures high keeps the velocity high, and this improves exhaust scavenging.

Drawbacks:

• After glancing over a few warranty terms & conditions, it seems very common that wrapping your exhaust will result in a voided warranty for the item. Does this mean your exhaust will overheat and crack/fail? Not necessarily, but it also means the manufacturer isn’t exactly designing a product to endure the heat long term. If you’re using the exhaust short term for motorsport, this may not be a big deal. If it’s a daily driver, it’s something to think about. Ideally you want to test before and after wrapping the exhaust to see what performance gains come from it, and use this knowledge for future endeavors to determine whether or not it’s worth it.

When it comes to exhausts, and modifying your car in general, that’s really the point, isn’t it? You can do all the math, design it with the best intentions, but ultimately you need to test it out to determine what the real world performance gains are.

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