When designing and maintaining industrial, piping and instrumentation systems, valves are some of the most crucial components to get right to ensure proper performance. Improper valve selection could lead to problems ranging from avoidable safety risks to poor performance and even increased downtime.
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Typically, valves are some of the first components selected when system designers begin their work. Then, as the valves wear out, maintenance technicians will usually replace them with the same model as the original specification to retain continuity and ensure proper function. When viewed from this perspective, it is evident that choosing the right valve at the time of the initial system setup is crucial.
Fortunately, the STAMPED method &#; which stands for Size, Temperature, Application, Media, Pressure, Ends (or fittings) and Delivery &#; can provide a framework that can help designers and technicians select the proper valve every time.
Before deciding what size a valve should be, operators must decide what desired (or required) flow rate is necessary for a system to work as intended. Once that is determined, operators should choose a valve with a flow capacity that makes that flow rate possible. It is helpful when suppliers indicate a flow coefficient (Cv) on their products, as that tells operators what the relationship is between the pressure drop across a valve and the resulting flow rate.
Cv represents how much water, in U.S. gallons per minute, will move through a valve with a 1 psi pressure drop across it at a temperature of 60°F. In situations in which compressible fluids, like gases, are moving through the pipes, the calculation becomes more complicated but is still useful in understanding what size valve is right for particular applications.
How a valve is designed can affect its Cv. The size and geometry of the valve, for example, can influence the flow path, while the size of the orifice will determine how much fluid can flow through it. Larger orifices increase the potential flow path, but orifice sizes can vary depending on the type of valve used. A ball valve may provide minimal flow resistance, but a needle valve may restrict or slow down the flow. Variances like these should influence which valve is chosen for specific applications.
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If there is any question which valve is right, a reputable supplier should be able to guide you toward the right-sized valve for the situation. In fact, some even offer a Cv calculator to begin the process of choosing the right valve.
Another crucial factor to consider when specifying a valve is the temperature in which it will be operating, including both the temperature of the media the valve will control as well as the ambient operating temperature of the environment. Whether these will be constant or change frequently may inform your decision on which valve to select, as well as influence how often you should inspect the valve for maintenance or replacement.
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