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Green Tea Extract

06 May.,2024

 

Green Tea Extract

Green Tea Extract

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Green tea is one of the most popular beverages in the world. It has been a staple drink in China for thousands of years, where the practice of steeping tea leaves originated. From there it spread to other east Asian countries and eventually, Europe. Green tea has several health benefits and has been consumed both medicinally and for pleasure throughout history.

Green tea comes in a variety of forms, from tea leaves to matcha powder, but this article will focus on one form in particular: green tea extract.

Products ranging everywhere from energy drinks to dietary supplements include green tea extract as an ingredient. And, as a consumer, you might be wondering why. Read on for a detailed breakdown of what green tea extract is, its health benefits, and more.

What is Green Tea Extract?

Traditionally, green tea is prepared by steeping dried tea leaves in hot water. The leaves are then strained out using a tea bag or colander and the remaining liquid—the tea—is consumed. Green tea extract comes from those same dried tea leaves but is created using a different process.

To produce green tea extract, tea leaves are first dried, and bathed in solvents to extract the active compounds. Then the extract is purified to remove the solvent and any impurities. Finally, the pure extract is dried and powderized. This extract contains the same active ingredients as traditionally prepared green tea, but in a far more concentrated form. Green tea extract is often sold as a powder, liquid, or inside tablets and capsules—and in terms of active ingredients, one capsule is equal to one full glass of tea.

In short, green tea extract is a concentrated form of green tea that contains many of the same active ingredients as a glass of green tea. So, what’s the big deal? Let’s take a look at what those active ingredients are and what they mean for your health.

What’s in Green Tea Extract: Active Ingredients and Constituents

The health benefits of green tea—and, by extension, green tea extract—come from polyphenols. These chemical compounds, which are found in a variety of plants, are powerful antioxidants (substances that help protect the body from toxins). Green tea is known to contain several different polyphenols, the most most important nutritionally is epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG).

In addition to these polyphenols, green tea extract contains another type of organic compound: alkaloids. These include caffeine, theophylline, and theobromine.

Green tea also contains an amino acid known as L-theanine, which has been the subject of recent studies for its impact on brain chemicals that support alertness, relaxation, focus, and more.

Health Benefits of Green Tea Extract

Green tea has played a role in Traditional Chinese Medicine for centuries. During the Ming Dynasty, for example, one Chinese writer described green tea’s role in supporting various aspects of health.

Thanks to more recent studies, we have even more information on the health benefits green tea extract can provide.

As mentioned earlier, green tea is rich in antioxidants. EGCG in particular, has been shown to support the body’s elimination of toxins and reduce oxidative stress. Adequate levels of antioxidants in the body promote health on a cellular level.

In some studies, green tea extract was shown to support the body’s normal fat oxidation processes, both at rest and during exercise. Fat oxidation is the process through which the body breaks fats down into substances that can then be used for energy within the body. Basically, it’s the body’s process of burning fat. Though more research is required to fully understand the way green tea extract supports fat oxidation, current studies suggest that green tea may help support a healthy body weight.

The Bottom Line

If you’re looking to improve your health on a cellular level, lose weight, or improve your short-term focus, green tea extract might be just the supplement for you. The medicinal properties of green tea have been known and used for centuries—and we’re only uncovering more as research continues.

GREEN TEA - Uses, Side Effects, and More

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Henrotin, Y., Lambert, C., Couchourel, D., Ripoll, C., and Chiotelli, E. Nutraceuticals: do they represent a new era in the management of osteoarthritis? - a narrative review from the lessons taken with five products. Osteoarthritis.Cartilage. 2011;19(1):1-21. View abstract.

Hirano-Ohmori, R., Takahashi, R., Momiyama, Y., Taniguchi, H., Yonemura, A., Tamai, S., Umegaki, K., Nakamura, H., Kondo, K., and Ohsuzu, F. Green tea consumption and serum malondialdehyde-modified LDL concentrations in healthy subjects. J Am Coll.Nutr 2005;24(5):342-346. View abstract.

Hirao, K., Yumoto, H., Nakanishi, T., Mukai, K., Takahashi, K., Takegawa, D., and Matsuo, T. Tea catechins reduce inflammatory reactions via mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways in toll-like receptor 2 ligand-stimulated dental pulp cells. Life Sci. 4-24-2010;86(17-18):654-660. View abstract.

Hirasawa, M., Takada, K., Makimura, M., and Otake, S. Improvement of periodontal status by green tea catechin using a local delivery system: a clinical pilot study. J Periodontal Res 2002;37(6):433-438. View abstract.

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Hsu, C. H., Liao, Y. L., Lin, S. C., Tsai, T. H., Huang, C. J., and Chou, P. Does supplementation with green tea extract improve insulin resistance in obese type 2 diabetics? A randomized, double-blind, and placebo-controlled clinical trial. Altern.Med.Rev. 2011;16(2):157-163. View abstract.

Hsu, C. H., Tsai, T. H., Kao, Y. H., Hwang, K. C., Tseng, T. Y., and Chou, P. Effect of green tea extract on obese women: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Clin Nutr 2008;27(3):363-370. View abstract.

Ichinose, T., Nomura, S., Someya, Y., Akimoto, S., Tachiyashiki, K., and Imaizumi, K. Effect of endurance training supplemented with green tea extract on substrate metabolism during exercise in humans. Scand.J Med Sci.Sports 3-10-2010; View abstract.

Inami, S., Takano, M., Yamamoto, M., Murakami, D., Tajika, K., Yodogawa, K., Yokoyama, S., Ohno, N., Ohba, T., Sano, J., Ibuki, C., Seino, Y., and Mizuno, K. Tea catechin consumption reduces circulating oxidized low-density lipoprotein. Int Heart J 2007;48(6):725-732. View abstract.

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Janjua, R., Munoz, C., Gorell, E., Rehmus, W., Egbert, B., Kern, D., and Chang, A. L. A two-year, double-blind, randomized placebo-controlled trial of oral green tea polyphenols on the long-term clinical and histologic appearance of photoaging skin. Dermatol.Surg. 2009;35(7):1057-1065. View abstract.

Jankun, J., Selman, S. H., Swiercz, R., and Skrzypczak-Jankun, E. Why drinking green tea could prevent cancer. Nature 6-5-1997;387(6633):561. View abstract.

Javaid, A. and Bonkovsky, H. L. Hepatotoxicity due to extracts of Chinese green tea (Camellia sinensis): a growing concern. J Hepatol 2006;45(2):334-335. View abstract.

Ji, B. T., Chow, W. H., Hsing, A. W., McLaughlin, J. K., Dai, Q., Gao, Y. T., Blot, W. J., and Fraumeni, J. F., Jr. Green tea consumption and the risk of pancreatic and colorectal cancers. Int J Cancer 1-27-1997;70(3):255-258. View abstract.

Josic, J., Olsson, A. T., Wickeberg, J., Lindstedt, S., and Hlebowicz, J. Does green tea affect postprandial glucose, insulin and satiety in healthy subjects: a randomized controlled trial. Nutr.J. 2010;9:63. View abstract.

Jowko, E., Sacharuk, J., Balasinska, B., Ostaszewski, P., Charmas, M., and Charmas, R. Green tea extract supplementation gives protection against exercise-induced oxidative damage in healthy men. Nutr.Res. 2011;31(11):813-821. View abstract.

Jurgens, T. M., Whelan, A. M., Killian, L., Doucette, S., Kirk, S., and Foy, E. Green tea for weight loss and weight maintenance in overweight or obese adults. Cochrane.Database.Syst.Rev. 2012;12:CD008650. View abstract.

Kalus, U., Kiesewetter, H., and Radtke, H. Effect of CYSTUS052 and green tea on subjective symptoms in patients with infection of the upper respiratory tract. Phytother.Res. 2010;24(1):96-100. View abstract.

Karth, A., Holoshitz, N., Kavinsky, C. J., Trohman, R., and McBride, B. F. A case report of atrial fibrillation potentially induced by hydroxycut: a multicomponent dietary weight loss supplement devoid of sympathomimetic amines. J.Pharm.Pract. 2010;23(3):245-249. View abstract.

Katiyar, S. K., Matsui, M. S., Elmets, C. A., and Mukhtar, H. Polyphenolic antioxidant (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate from green tea reduces UVB-induced inflammatory responses and infiltration of leukocytes in human skin. Photochem.Photobiol. 1999;69(2):148-153. View abstract.

Kato, M. T., Leite, A. L., Hannas, A. R., and Buzalaf, M. A. Gels containing MMP inhibitors prevent dental erosion in situ. J Dent.Res. 2010;89(5):468-472. View abstract.

Kikuchi, N., Ohmori, K., Shimazu, T., Nakaya, N., Kuriyama, S., Nishino, Y., Tsubono, Y., and Tsuji, I. No association between green tea and prostate cancer risk in Japanese men: the Ohsaki Cohort Study. Br.J Cancer 8-7-2006;95(3):371-373. View abstract.

Kim, W., Jeong, M. H., Cho, S. H., Yun, J. H., Chae, H. J., Ahn, Y. K., Lee, M. C., Cheng, X., Kondo, T., Murohara, T., and Kang, J. C. Effect of green tea consumption on endothelial function and circulating endothelial progenitor cells in chronic smokers. Circ.J 2006;70(8):1052-1057. View abstract.

Komatsu, T., Nakamori, M., Komatsu, K., Hosoda, K., Okamura, M., Toyama, K., Ishikura, Y., Sakai, T., Kunii, D., and Yamamoto, S. Oolong tea increases energy metabolism in Japanese females. J Med Invest 2003;50(3-4):170-175. View abstract.

Kristen, A. V., Lehrke, S., Buss, S., Mereles, D., Steen, H., Ehlermann, P., Hardt, S., Giannitsis, E., Schreiner, R., Haberkorn, U., Schnabel, P. A., Linke, R. P., Rocken, C., Wanker, E. E., Dengler, T. J., Altland, K., and Katus, H. A. Green tea halts progression of cardiac transthyretin amyloidosis: an observational report. Clin.Res.Cardiol. 2012;101(10):805-813. View abstract.

Kuo, Y. C., Yu, C. L., Liu, C. Y., Wang, S. F., Pan, P. C., Wu, M. T., Ho, C. K., Lo, Y. S., Li, Y., and Christiani, D. C. A population-based, case-control study of green tea consumption and leukemia risk in southwestern Taiwan. Cancer Causes Control 2009;20(1):57-65. View abstract.

Kurahashi, N., Sasazuki, S., Iwasaki, M., Inoue, M., and Tsugane, S. Green tea consumption and prostate cancer risk in Japanese men: a prospective study. Am J Epidemiol. 1-1-2008;167(1):71-77. View abstract.

Kuriyama, S. The relation between green tea consumption and cardiovascular disease as evidenced by epidemiological studies. J Nutr. 2008;138(8):1548S-1553S. View abstract.

Kushima, Y., Iida, K., Nagaoka, Y., Kawaratani, Y., Shirahama, T., Sakaguchi, M., Baba, K., Hara, Y., and Uesato, S. Inhibitory effect of (-)-epigallocatechin and (-)-epigallocatechin gallate against heregulin beta1-induced migration/invasion of the MCF-7 breast carcinoma cell line. Biol.Pharm.Bull. 2009;32(5):899-904. View abstract.

Kushiyama, M., Shimazaki, Y., Murakami, M., and Yamashita, Y. Relationship between intake of green tea and periodontal disease. J Periodontol. 2009;80(3):372-377. View abstract.

Lang, M., Henson, R., Braconi, C., and Patel, T. Epigallocatechin-gallate modulates chemotherapy-induced apoptosis in human cholangiocarcinoma cells. Liver Int 2009;29(5):670-677. View abstract.

Langley, P. C. A cost-effectiveness analysis of sinecatechins in the treatment of external genital warts. J.Med.Econ. 2010;13(1):1-7. View abstract.

Laurie, S. A., Miller, V. A., Grant, S. C., Kris, M. G., and Ng, K. K. Phase I study of green tea extract in patients with advanced lung cancer. Cancer Chemother.Pharmacol. 2005;55(1):33-38. View abstract.

Levites, Y., Amit, T., Mandel, S., and Youdim, M. B. Neuroprotection and neurorescue against Abeta toxicity and PKC-dependent release of nonamyloidogenic soluble precursor protein by green tea polyphenol (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate. FASEB J 2003;17(8):952-954. View abstract.

Li, G. X., Chen, Y. K., Hou, Z., Xiao, H., Jin, H., Lu, G., Lee, M. J., Liu, B., Guan, F., Yang, Z., Yu, A., and Yang, C. S. Pro-oxidative activities and dose-response relationship of (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate in the inhibition of lung cancer cell growth: a comparative study in vivo and in vitro. Carcinogenesis 2010;31(5):902-910. View abstract.

Li, R., Huang, Y. G., Fang, D., and Le, W. D. (-)-Epigallocatechin gallate inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced microglial activation and protects against inflammation-mediated dopaminergic neuronal injury. J Neurosci.Res. 12-1-2004;78(5):723-731. View abstract.

Liatsos, G. D., Moulakakis, A., Ketikoglou, I., and Klonari, S. Possible green tea-induced thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. Am.J Health Syst.Pharm. 4-1-2010;67(7):531-534. View abstract.

Lin, C. L., Chen, T. F., Chiu, M. J., Way, T. D., and Lin, J. K. Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) suppresses beta-amyloid-induced neurotoxicity through inhibiting c-Abl/FE65 nuclear translocation and GSK3 beta activation. Neurobiol.Aging 2009;30(1):81-92. View abstract.

Lonac, M. C., Richards, J. C., Schweder, M. M., Johnson, T. K., and Bell, C. Influence of Short-Term Consumption of the Caffeine-Free, Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate Supplement, Teavigo, on Resting Metabolism and the Thermic Effect of Feeding. Obesity.(Silver.Spring) 8-19-2010; View abstract.

Lopez-Garcia, E., Rodriguez-Artalejo, F., Rexrode, K. M., Logroscino, G., Hu, F. B., and van Dam, R. M. Coffee consumption and risk of stroke in women. Circulation 3-3-2009;119(8):1116-1123. View abstract.

MacKenzie, T., Comi, R., Sluss, P., Keisari, R., Manwar, S., Kim, J., Larson, R., and Baron, J. A. Metabolic and hormonal effects of caffeine: randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover trial. Metabolism 2007;56(12):1694-1698. View abstract.

Maeda-Yamamoto, M., Ema, K., Monobe, M., Shibuichi, I., Shinoda, Y., Yamamoto, T., and Fujisawa, T. The efficacy of early treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis with benifuuki green tea containing O-methylated catechin before pollen exposure: an open randomized study. Allergol.Int 2009;58(3):437-444. View abstract.

Mahmood, T., Akhtar, N., Khan, B. A., Shoaib Khan, H. M., and Saeed, T. Changes in skin mechanical properties after long-term application of cream containing green tea extract. Aging Clin.Exp.Res. 2011;23(5-6):333-336. View abstract.

Maki, K. C., Reeves, M. S., Farmer, M., Yasunaga, K., Matsuo, N., Katsuragi, Y., Komikado, M., Tokimitsu, I., Wilder, D., Jones, F., Blumberg, J. B., and Cartwright, Y. Green tea catechin consumption enhances exercise-induced abdominal fat loss in overweight and obese adults. J Nutr 2009;139(2):264-270. View abstract.

Martinez-Sierra, C., Rendon, Unceta P., and Martin, Herrera L. [Acute hepatitis after green tea ingestion]. Med Clin (Barc.) 6-17-2006;127(3):119. View abstract.

Matsumoto, K., Yamada, H., Takuma, N., Niino, H., and Sagesaka, Y. M. Effects of green tea catechins and theanine on preventing influenza infection among healthcare workers: a randomized controlled trial. BMC.Complement Altern.Med. 2011;11:15. View abstract.

Matsuyama, T., Tanaka, Y., Kamimaki, I., Nagao, T., and Tokimitsu, I. Catechin safely improved higher levels of fatness, blood pressure, and cholesterol in children. Obesity.(Silver.Spring) 2008;16(6):1338-1348. View abstract.

Melgarejo, E., Medina, M. A., Sanchez-Jimenez, F., and Urdiales, J. L. Epigallocatechin gallate reduces human monocyte mobility and adhesion in vitro. Br.J Pharmacol. 2009;158(7):1705-1712. View abstract.

Meltzer, S. M., Monk, B. J., and Tewari, K. S. Green tea catechins for treatment of external genital warts. Am J Obstet.Gynecol. 2009;200(3):233-237. View abstract.

Miller, R. J., Jackson, K. G., Dadd, T., Mayes, A. E., Brown, A. L., and Minihane, A. M. The impact of the catechol-O-methyltransferase genotype on the acute responsiveness of vascular reactivity to a green tea extract. Br.J.Nutr. 2011;105(8):1138-1144. View abstract.

Miller, R. J., Jackson, K. G., Dadd, T., Mayes, A. E., Brown, A. L., Lovegrove, J. A., and Minihane, A. M. The impact of the catechol-O-methyltransferase genotype on vascular function and blood pressure after acute green tea ingestion. Mol.Nutr.Food Res. 2012;56(6):966-975. View abstract.

Miller, R. J., Jackson, K. G., Dadd, T., Nicol, B., Dick, J. L., Mayes, A. E., Brown, A. L., and Minihane, A. M. A preliminary investigation of the impact of catechol-O-methyltransferase genotype on the absorption and metabolism of green tea catechins. Eur.J.Nutr. 2012;51(1):47-55. View abstract.

Mnich, C. D., Hoek, K. S., Virkki, L. V., Farkas, A., Dudli, C., Laine, E., Urosevic, M., and Dummer, R. Green tea extract reduces induction of p53 and apoptosis in UVB-irradiated human skin independent of transcriptional controls. Exp Dermatol. 2009;18(1):69-77. View abstract.

Moisey, L. L., Robinson, L. E., and Graham, T. E. Consumption of caffeinated coffee and a high carbohydrate meal affects postprandial metabolism of a subsequent oral glucose tolerance test in young, healthy males. Br.J Nutr. 2010;103(6):833-841. View abstract.

Molinari, M., Watt, K. D., Kruszyna, T., Nelson, R., Walsh, M., Huang, W. Y., Nashan, B., and Peltekian, K. Acute liver failure induced by green tea extracts: case report and review of the literature. Liver Transpl. 2006;12(12):1892-1895. View abstract.

Mukoyama, A., Ushijima, H., Nishimura, S., Koike, H., Toda, M., Hara, Y., and Shimamura, T. Inhibition of rotavirus and enterovirus infections by tea extracts. Jpn.J Med.Sci Biol. 1991;44(4):181-186. View abstract.

Mulder, T. P., Rietveld, A. G., and Van Amelsvoort, J. M. Consumption of both black tea and green tea results in an increase in the excretion of hippuric acid into urine. Am.J.Clin Nutr. 2005;81(1 Suppl):256S-260S. View abstract.

Muller, N., Ellinger, S., Alteheld, B., Ulrich-Merzenich, G., Berthold, H. K., Vetter, H., and Stehle, P. Bolus ingestion of white and green tea increases the concentration of several flavan-3-ols in plasma, but does not affect markers of oxidative stress in healthy non-smokers. Mol.Nutr.Food Res. 6-10-2010; View abstract.

Myung, S. K., Bae, W. K., Oh, S. M., Kim, Y., Ju, W., Sung, J., Lee, Y. J., Ko, J. A., Song, J. I., and Choi, H. J. Green tea consumption and risk of stomach cancer: a meta-analysis of epidemiologic studies. Int J Cancer 2-1-2009;124(3):670-677. View abstract.

Nagao, T., Hase, T., and Tokimitsu, I. A green tea extract high in catechins reduces body fat and cardiovascular risks in humans. Obesity.(Silver.Spring) 2007;15(6):1473-1483. View abstract.

Nagao, T., Komine, Y., Soga, S., Meguro, S., Hase, T., Tanaka, Y., and Tokimitsu, I. Ingestion of a tea rich in catechins leads to a reduction in body fat and malondialdehyde-modified LDL in men. Am J Clin Nutr 2005;81(1):122-129. View abstract.

Nagao, T., Meguro, S., Hase, T., Otsuka, K., Komikado, M., Tokimitsu, I., Yamamoto, T., and Yamamoto, K. A catechin-rich beverage improves obesity and blood glucose control in patients with type 2 diabetes. Obesity.(Silver.Spring) 2009;17(2):310-317. View abstract.

Nagata, C., Kabuto, M., and Shimizu, H. Association of coffee, green tea, and caffeine intakes with serum concentrations of estradiol and sex hormone-binding globulin in premenopausal Japanese women. Nutr Cancer 1998;30(1):21-24. View abstract.

Nakachi, K., Suemasu, K., Suga, K., Takeo, T., Imai, K., and Higashi, Y. Influence of drinking green tea on breast cancer malignancy among Japanese patients. Jpn J Cancer Res 1998;89(3):254-261. View abstract.

Nakagawa, K., Okuda, S., and Miyazawa, T. Dose-dependent incorporation of tea catechins, (-)-epigallocatechin-3- gallate and (-)-epigallocatechin, into human plasma. Biosci.Biotechnol.Biochem 1997;61(12):1981-1985. View abstract.

Nakayama, M., Suzuki, K., Toda, M., Okubo, S., Hara, Y., and Shimamura, T. Inhibition of the infectivity of influenza virus by tea polyphenols. Antiviral Res. 1993;21(4):289-299. View abstract.

Nance, C. L., Siwak, E. B., and Shearer, W. T. Preclinical development of the green tea catechin, epigallocatechin gallate, as an HIV-1 therapy. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2009;123(2):459-465. View abstract.

Nantz, M. P., Rowe, C. A., Bukowski, J. F., and Percival, S. S. Standardized capsule of Camellia sinensis lowers cardiovascular risk factors in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Nutrition 2009;25(2):147-154. View abstract.

Netsch, M. I., Gutmann, H., Schmidlin, C. B., Aydogan, C., and Drewe, J. Induction of CYP1A by green tea extract in human intestinal cell lines. Planta Med 2006;72(6):514-520. View abstract.

Nguyen, M. M., Ahmann, F. R., Nagle, R. B., Hsu, C. H., Tangrea, J. A., Parnes, H. L., Sokoloff, M. H., Gretzer, M. B., and Chow, H. H. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of polyphenon E in prostate cancer patients before prostatectomy: evaluation of potential chemopreventive activities. Cancer Prev.Res.(Phila) 2012;5(2):290-298. View abstract.

Ogunleye, A. A., Xue, F., and Michels, K. B. Green tea consumption and breast cancer risk or recurrence: a meta-analysis. Breast Cancer Res.Treat. 2010;119(2):477-484. View abstract.

Okada, N., Tanabe, H., Tazoe, H., Ishigami, Y., Fukutomi, R., Yasui, K., and Isemura, M. Differentiation-associated alteration in sensitivity to apoptosis induced by (-)-epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate in HL-60 cells. Biomed.Res. 2009;30(4):201-206. View abstract.

Orozco-Gregorio, H., Mota-Rojas, D., Bonilla-Jaime, H., Trujillo-Ortega, M. E., Becerril-Herrera, M., Hernandez-Gonzalez, R., and Villanueva-Garcia, D. Effects of administration of caffeine on metabolic variables in neonatal pigs with peripartum asphyxia. Am.J Vet.Res. 2010;71(10):1214-1219. View abstract.

Ostrowska, J. and Skrzydlewska, E. The comparison of effect of catechins and green tea extract on oxidative modification of LDL in vitro. Adv Med Sci 2006;51:298-303. View abstract.

Otake, S., Makimura, M., Kuroki, T., Nishihara, Y., and Hirasawa, M. Anticaries effects of polyphenolic compounds from Japanese green tea. Caries Res 1991;25(6):438-443. View abstract.

Otera, H., Tada, K., Sakurai, T., Hashimoto, K., and Ikeda, A. Hypersensitivity pneumonitis associated with inhalation of catechin-rich green tea extracts. Respiration 2011;82(4):388-392. View abstract.

Oyama, J., Maeda, T., Sasaki, M., Kozuma, K., Ochiai, R., Tokimitsu, I., Taguchi, S., Higuchi, Y., and Makino, N. Green tea catechins improve human forearm vascular function and have potent anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects in smokers. Intern.Med. 2010;49(23):2553-2559. View abstract.

Pan, T., Fei, J., Zhou, X., Jankovic, J., and Le, W. Effects of green tea polyphenols on dopamine uptake and on MPP+ -induced dopamine neuron injury. Life Sci. 1-17-2003;72(9):1073-1083. View abstract.

Panza, V. S., Wazlawik, E., Ricardo, Schutz G., Comin, L., Hecht, K. C., and da Silva, E. L. Consumption of green tea favorably affects oxidative stress markers in weight-trained men. Nutrition 2008;24(5):433-442. View abstract.

Papparella, I., Ceolotto, G., Montemurro, D., Antonello, M., Garbisa, S., Rossi, G., and Semplicini, A. Green tea attenuates angiotensin II-induced cardiac hypertrophy in rats by modulating reactive oxygen species production and the Src/epidermal growth factor receptor/Akt signaling pathway. J Nutr. 2008;138(9):1596-1601. View abstract.

Park, S. K., Jung, I. C., Lee, W. K., Lee, Y. S., Park, H. K., Go, H. J., Kim, K., Lim, N. K., Hong, J. T., Ly, S. Y., and Rho, S. S. A combination of green tea extract and l-theanine improves memory and attention in subjects with mild cognitive impairment: a double-blind placebo-controlled study. J.Med.Food 2011;14(4):334-343. View abstract.

Pecorari, M., Villano, D., Testa, M. F., Schmid, M., and Serafini, M. Biomarkers of antioxidant status following ingestion of green teas at different polyphenol concentrations and antioxidant capacity in human volunteers. Mol.Nutr.Food Res. 2010;54 Suppl 2:S278-S283. View abstract.

Perera, V., Gross, A. S., and McLachlan, A. J. Caffeine and paraxanthine HPLC assay for CYP1A2 phenotype assessment using saliva and plasma. Biomed.Chromatogr. 2010;24(10):1136-1144. View abstract.

Pietta, P., Simonetti, P., Gardana, C., Brusamolino, A., Morazzoni, P., and Bombardelli, E. Relationship between rate and extent of catechin absorption and plasma antioxidant status. Biochem Mol.Biol Int. 1998;46(5):895-903. View abstract.

Rasheed, Z., Anbazhagan, A. N., Akhtar, N., Ramamurthy, S., Voss, F. R., and Haqqi, T. M. Green tea polyphenol epigallocatechin-3-gallate inhibits advanced glycation end product-induced expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and matrix metalloproteinase-13 in human chondrocytes. Arthritis Res.Ther. 2009;11(3):R71. View abstract.

Reis, J. P., Loria, C. M., Steffen, L. M., Zhou, X., van, Horn L., Siscovick, D. S., Jacobs, D. R., Jr., and Carr, J. J. Coffee, decaffeinated coffee, caffeine, and tea consumption in young adulthood and atherosclerosis later in life: the CARDIA study. Arterioscler.Thromb.Vasc.Biol 2010;30(10):2059-2066. View abstract.

Renouf, M., Guy, P., Marmet, C., Longet, K., Fraering, A. L., Moulin, J., Barron, D., Dionisi, F., Cavin, C., Steiling, H., and Williamson, G. Plasma appearance and correlation between coffee and green tea metabolites in human subjects. Br.J Nutr. 8-9-2010;1-6. View abstract.

Richards, J. C., Lonac, M. C., Johnson, T. K., Schweder, M. M., and Bell, C. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate Increases Maximal Oxygen Uptake in Adult Humans. Med Sci.Sports Exerc. 11-27-2009; View abstract.

Rigato, I., Blarasin, L., and Kette, F. Severe hypokalemia in 2 young bicycle riders due to massive caffeine intake. Clin J Sport Med. 2010;20(2):128-130. View abstract.

Rizvi, S. I., Jha, R., and Pandey, K. B. Activation of erythrocyte plasma membrane redox system provides a useful method to evaluate antioxidant potential of plant polyphenols. Methods Mol.Biol. 2010;594:341-348. View abstract.

Rohde, J., Jacobsen, C., and Kromann-Andersen, H. [Toxic hepatitis triggered by green tea]. Ugeskr.Laeger 1-17-2011;173(3):205-206. View abstract.

Roomi, M. W., Monterrey, J. C., Kalinovsky, T., Rath, M., and Niedzwiecki, A. Comparative effects of EGCG, green tea and a nutrient mixture on the patterns of MMP-2 and MMP-9 expression in cancer cell lines. Oncol.Rep. 2010;24(3):747-757. View abstract.

Rosenbaum, C. C., O'Mathuna, D. P., Chavez, M., and Shields, K. Antioxidants and antiinflammatory dietary supplements for osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. Altern.Ther.Health Med. 2010;16(2):32-40. View abstract.

Rowe, C. A., Nantz, M. P., Bukowski, J. F., and Percival, S. S. Specific formulation of Camellia sinensis prevents cold and flu symptoms and enhances gamma,delta T cell function: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Am Coll.Nutr 2007;26(5):445-452. View abstract.

Ryu, O. H., Lee, J., Lee, K. W., Kim, H. Y., Seo, J. A., Kim, S. G., Kim, N. H., Baik, S. H., Choi, D. S., and Choi, K. M. Effects of green tea consumption on inflammation, insulin resistance and pulse wave velocity in type 2 diabetes patients. Diabetes Res.Clin Pract. 2006;71(3):356-358. View abstract.

Sagesaka-Mitane, Y., Miwa, M., and Okada, S. Platelet aggregation inhibitors in hot water extract of green tea. Chem Pharm Bull.(Tokyo) 1990;38(3):790-793. View abstract.

Sakamoto, O., Saita, N., Yamasaki, H., Tamanoi, M., and Ando, M. Pulmonary granulomatosis caused by aspirated green tea. Chest 1994;106(1):308-309. View abstract.

Sarma, D. N., Barrett, M. L., Chavez, M. L., Gardiner, P., Ko, R., Mahady, G. B., Marles, R. J., Pellicore, L. S., Giancaspro, G. I., and Low, Dog T. Safety of green tea extracts : a systematic review by the US Pharmacopeia. Drug Saf 2008;31(6):469-484. View abstract.

Sasazuki, S., Kodama, H., Yoshimasu, K., Liu, Y., Washio, M., Tanaka, K., Tokunaga, S., Kono, S., Arai, H., Doi, Y., Kawano, T., Nakagaki, O., Takada, K., Koyanagi, S., Hiyamuta, K., Nii, T., Shirai, K., Ideishi, M., Arakawa, K., Mohri, M., and Takeshita, A. Relation between green tea consumption and the severity of coronary atherosclerosis among Japanese men and women. Ann.Epidemiol. 2000;10(6):401-408. View abstract.

Sato, Y., Nakatsuka, H., Watanabe, T., Hisamichi, S., Shimizu, H., Fujisaku, S., Ichinowatari, Y., Ida, Y., Suda, S., Kato, K., and . Possible contribution of green tea drinking habits to the prevention of stroke. Tohoku J Exp Med 1989;157(4):337-343. View abstract.

Scholey, A., Downey, L. A., Ciorciari, J., Pipingas, A., Nolidin, K., Finn, M., Wines, M., Catchlove, S., Terrens, A., Barlow, E., Gordon, L., and Stough, C. Acute neurocognitive effects of epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG). Appetite 2012;58(2):767-770. View abstract.

Serafini, M., Ghiselli, A., and Ferro-Luzzi, A. In vivo antioxidant effect of green and black tea in man. Eur.J Clin Nutr. 1996;50(1):28-32. View abstract.

Shen, C. L., Chyu, M. C., Yeh, J. K., Zhang, Y., Pence, B. C., Felton, C. K., Brismee, J. M., Arjmandi, B. H., Doctolero, S., and Wang, J. S. Effect of green tea and Tai Chi on bone health in postmenopausal osteopenic women: a 6-month randomized placebo-controlled trial. Osteoporos.Int. 2012;23(5):1541-1552. View abstract.

Shim, J. S., Kang, M. H., Kim, Y. H., Roh, J. K., Roberts, C., and Lee, I. P. Chemopreventive effect of green tea (Camellia sinensis) among cigarette smokers. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 1995;4(4):387-391. View abstract.

Shimizu, M., Fukutomi, Y., Ninomiya, M., Nagura, K., Kato, T., Araki, H., Suganuma, M., Fujiki, H., and Moriwaki, H. Green tea extracts for the prevention of metachronous colorectal adenomas: a pilot study. Cancer Epidemiol.Biomarkers Prev. 2008;17(11):3020-3025. View abstract.

Shin, D. M. Oral cancer prevention advances with a translational trial of green tea. Cancer Prev.Res.(Phila Pa) 2009;2(11):919-921. View abstract.

Simmonds, M. J., Minahan, C. L., and Sabapathy, S. Caffeine improves supramaximal cycling but not the rate of anaerobic energy release. Eur.J Appl Physiol 2010;109(2):287-295. View abstract.

Singh, R., Ahmed, S., Islam, N., Goldberg, V. M., and Haqqi, T. M. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate inhibits interleukin-1beta-induced expression of nitric oxide synthase and production of nitric oxide in human chondrocytes: suppression of nuclear factor kappaB activation by degradation of the inhibitor of nuclear factor kappaB. Arthritis Rheum. 2002;46(8):2079-2086. View abstract.

Singh, R., Ahmed, S., Malemud, C. J., Goldberg, V. M., and Haqqi, T. M. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate selectively inhibits interleukin-1beta-induced activation of mitogen activated protein kinase subgroup c-Jun N-terminal kinase in human osteoarthritis chondrocytes. J Orthop.Res. 2003;21(1):102-109. View abstract.

Slivova, V., Zaloga, G., DeMichele, S. J., Mukerji, P., Huang, Y. S., Siddiqui, R., Harvey, K., Valachovicova, T., and Sliva, D. Green tea polyphenols modulate secretion of urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) and inhibit invasive behavior of breast cancer cells. Nutr Cancer 2005;52(1):66-73. View abstract.

Smits, P., Temme, L., and Thien, T. The cardiovascular interaction between caffeine and nicotine in humans. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1993;54(2):194-204. View abstract.

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