Deep excavation risks include collapse, ground instability, structural damage, and hazards related to soil conditions, water seepage, and unforeseen geological factors.
The maximum depth of excavation depends on various factors, but in construction, it can range from a few feet to over 100 feet, depending on engineering considerations and project requirements.
The 5-4-3-2-1 rule prescribes vertical setback distances for excavation: 5 feet for stable rock, 4 feet for cohesive soil, 3 feet for granular soil, 2 feet for sloping unsupported rock, and 1.5 feet for unstable rock.
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for excavation includes hard hats, high-visibility clothing, steel-toed boots, gloves, and hearing protection, along with any additional gear based on specific site hazards.
The slope of a deep excavation depends on soil conditions, but common slope ratios are 1:1 for stable rock, 3:4 (or 4:3) for cohesive soil, and 1.5:1 for granular soil.
The safe angle for excavation, or the allowable slope, varies based on soil type; for instance, a common safe slope is 1.5:1 (horizontal to vertical) for stable rock and 3:1 for cohesive soil.
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