All About Calcium Supplements

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Background:Calcium plays a key role in body physiology and bone health. Inadequate intake is common in certain groups of the population Methods:Systematic evaluation of relevant literature using medical (Medline) and nutrition databases and inclusion of physiological studies, randomized controlled trials, cohort studies, meta-analyses and dietary guidelines Results:Despite the essentiality of calcium for bone growth and maintenance, clinical studies and meta-analyses on positive effects of calcium supplementation on skeletal health and osteoporosis have shown contradictory results. Dietary recommendations for calcium have therefore been developed primarily in order to meet physiological needs. For individuals who are not able or willing to cover their recommended calcium requirements (1000-1200 mg / d for adolescents and adults in industrialized countries) from dietary sources, numerous calcium supplements such as CaCO3 ortricalciumdicitrate*4 H2O (TCC) are available. Of these, TCC is characterized by its good compliance, sufficient calcium content, a better absorbability than CaCO3 and a gastric acid-independent intestinal absorption. Despite the generally poor association between acute effects of high calcium absorption on serum calcium concentration and long term effects on BMD, bone structure and fracture incidence, a higher intake of calcium citrate (TCC) has led to increased bone mineral density and reduced bone loss in a number of randomized controlled studies in elderly women. Moreover, whereas in some clinical trials and meta-analyzes, (supplemental) calcium caused an increased risk for cardiovascular diseases and stroke as well as for kidney stones, a larger number of studies did not show this or even the opposite, in particular with calcium citrate. Conclusion:Supplemental TCC is a good opportunity to allow subjects at risk of inadequate calcium supply a calcium intake according to common recommendations. Small positive effects of TCC on bone health have been shown in numerous studies, but the study results are not fully consistent. There is no evidence for an increased cardiovascular disease or renal stone risk.

denitrifying bacteria, microorganisms whose action results in the conversion of nitrates in soil to free atmospheric nitrogen, thus depleting soil fertility and reducing agricultural productivity. Thiobacillus denitrificans, Micrococcus denitrificans, and some species of Serratia, Pseudomonas, and Achromobacter are implicated as denitrifiers. Pseudomonas aeruginosa can, under anaerobic conditions (as in swampy or water-logged soils), reduce the amount of fixed nitrogen (as fertilizer) by up to 50 percent. Without denitrification, however, the Earth’s supply of nitrogen would eventually accumulate in the oceans, since nitrates are highly soluble and are continuously leached from the soil into nearby bodies of water. See also nitrogen

An autotrophic denitrification reactor (ADR-1) and a heterotrophic denitrification reactor (HDR-2) were operated to remove nitrate and nitrite in an anoxic environment in raw sewage. The NO3-N removal rate of ADR-1 was shown to range from 52.8% to 78.7%, which was higher than the NO3-N removal rate …

Denitrification beds are containers filled with wood by-products that serve as a carbon and energy source to denitrifiers, which reduce nitrate (NO(3)(-)) from point source discharges into non-reactive dinitrogen (N(2)) gas. This study investigates a range of alternative carbon sources and determine …

Nitrates can quickly build up in your aquarium. Reducing nitrate levels is essential. Learn how to remove nitrate in our detailed guide.

Achieving nitrogen removal from domestic wastewater using anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) has the potential to make wastewater treatment energy-neutral or even energy-positive. The challenge is to suppress the growth of nitrite-oxidizing bacteria (NOB). This study presents a promising method based on intermittent aeration with low dissolved oxygen to limit NOB growth, thereby providing an advantage to anammox bacteria to form a partnership with the ammonium-oxidizing bacteria (AOB). The results showed that NOB was successfully suppressed using that method, with the relative abundance of NOB maintained between 2.0–2.6%, based on Fluorescent in-situ Hybridization. Nitrogen could be effectively removed from domestic wastewater with anammox at a temperature above 20 °C, with an effluent total nitrogen (TN) concentration of 6.6 ± 2.7 mg/L, while the influent TN and soluble chemical oxygen demand were 62.6 ± 3.1 mg/L and 88.0 ± 8.1 mg/L, respectively.

Nitrates are one of the most common contaminants well owners are faced with eliminating from their water supply. Nitrates enter the water supply through agricultural run-off, industrial waste, the use of fertilizers and herbicides, and from leaking septic tanks and burst sewage systems.

Denitrifying bacteria are a diverse group of bacteria that encompass many different phyla. This grou

35.3.2.2 Inorganic Elements Besides sources of carbon, subsurface life requires additional chemical

nitrifying bacterium, plural Nitrifying Bacteria, any of a small group of aerobic bacteria (family Nitrobacteraceae) that use inorganic chemicals as an energy source. They are microorganisms that are important in the nitrogen cycle as converters of soil ammonia to nitrates, compounds usable by plants. The nitrification process requires the mediation of two distinct groups: bacteria that convert ammonia to nitrites (Nitrosomonas, Nitrosospira, Nitrosococcus, and Nitrosolobus) and bacteria that convert nitrites (toxic to plants) to nitrates (Nitrobacter, Nitrospina, and Nitrococcus). In agriculture, irrigation with dilute solutions of ammonia results in an increase in soil nitrates through the action of nitrifying bacteria.

Nitrifying bacteria are chemolithotrophic organisms that include species of genera such as Nitrosomo

The nitrogen cycle is the process by which nitrogen is converted from organic to inorganic forms; ma

Which one converts nitrite to nitrate aNitrosomonas bNitrobacter cAzotobacter dRhizobium

Information about Ammonia, Nitrite and Nitrate: (The Nitrogen Cycle). Our resources on the site are here to offer additional information for you to explore. Explore our extensive library of resources on ponds, seawalls, fountains, and more!

Nitrogen is the most important, limiting element for plant production. Biological nitrogen fixation is the only natural means to convert this essential element to a usable form.

This article is about the generic term that includes species in other genera. For the bacterial genu

4.2 Abiotic stress tolerance Rhizobacteria and vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhiza confer stress toleran

Rhizobia Rhizobia are nitrogen-fixing bacteria classified and characterized by different systems. Be