Engineered stone is a composite material made of crushed stone bound together by an adhesive to create a solid surface. The adhesive is most commonly polymer resin, with some newer versions using cement mix. This category includes engineered quartz (SiO2), polymer concrete and engineered marble stone.[1] The application of these products depends on the original stone used. For engineered marbles the most common application is indoor flooring and walls, while the quartz based product is used primarily for kitchen countertops[2] as an alternative to laminate or granite.[3] Related materials include geopolymers and cast stone. Unlike terrazzo, the material is factory made in either blocks or slabs, cut and polished by fabricators, and assembled at the worksite.
Engineered stone kitchen countertops with undermount sink and cooktop installed. Tops are cut and polished at the fabricator's shop.Engineered stone is also commonly referred to as agglomerate or agglomerated stone, the last term being that recognised by European Standards (EN 14618), although to add to the terminological confusion, this standard also includes materials manufactured with a cementitious binder.[citation needed] The quartz version (which end consumers are much more likely to directly deal with) is commonly known as 'quartz surface' or just 'quartz'.[4]
Manufacturing equipment
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Breton S.P.A., a privately held company of Treviso, Italy, that developed the large-scale Breton method in 1960s,[1] is the dominant supplier of equipment for making engineered stone.[citation needed] Although Breton was the original manufacturer of moulding equipment and still holds multiple international patents on the process, there are now several other companies producing similar machinery.
Composition
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99.9% pure silica in grits and powder form constitutes 90–93% of the body by weight dispersed in a matrix of unsaturated polyester resin (7–10%) mixed with peroxide catalyst and cobalt accelerator which facilitates the curing of the thermoset at ambient temperature. The cured material is normally kept for 24–48 hours before polishing and finishing absorbers are also dosed into the chemical mix to inhibit the discoloration as a result of reaction of unsaturated polyester resin with UV light. Engineered quartz stones manufactured by using unsaturated polyester resins are characterized by low water absorption, superior chemical durability, high hardness, flexural strength and good thermal shock resistance compared to granite and marble.[5]
Process
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Compaction by vibrocompression vacuum process uses elastomeric molds in which a crushed stone/resin mix is cast on a moving belt. The mixture of approximately 93% stone aggregates and 7% polyester resin by weight (66% quartz and 34% resin by volume) is heated and compressed under vacuum in a large press. The vibration helps compact the mixture and results in an isotropic slab with virtually no porosity.[1] Engineered stone is then processed in basically the same manner as its natural counterpart.
Some companies import boulders themselves to crush into agglomerates (stone powders) of various grain size for their products, others simply buy already-crushed stone powders.
Properties
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Engineered stone is typically worked in the same way as natural stone using a water jet cutter or a diamond blade. This is in contrast with solid surface materials which can be cut with regular saws.[6]
The material can be produced in either 12 mm, 20 mm or 30 mm thicknesses. The most common slab format is 3040 mm x 1440 mm for Quartz and 3050 mm x 1240 mm for Breton-based marbles, but other sizes like 3040 mm x 1650 mm are produced according to market demand.
Engineered stone is non porous,[7] more flexible, and harder than many types of natural stone. Since it has a uniform internal structure, it does not have hidden cracks or flaws that may exist in natural stone and also has a color/pattern consistency from slab to slab.[8] Polyester resin binding agents allow some flexibility, preventing cracking under flexural pressure. But, the binding agents often continue to harden, leading to a loss of flexural strength over time. The polyester resins are not completely UV stable and engineered stone should not be used in outdoor applications.[9] Continuous exposure to UV can cause discoloration of the stone, and breakdown of the resin binder.
The material is sometimes damaged by direct application of heat. Quartz engineered stone is less heat resistant than other stone surfaces including most granite, marble and limestone; but is not affected by temperatures lower than 150 °C (300 °F). Quartz engineered stone can be damaged by sudden temperature changes. Manufacturers recommend that hot pots and pans never be placed directly on the surface, and that a hot pad or trivet is used under portable cooking units.
When used as floor tiles, care is required in ensuring compatibility with the adhesive used. Reaction resin adhesives and rapid drying cementitious adhesives are generally successful, but bond failure or discoloration can occur with other cementitious adhesives. Additionally, agglomerate stone tiles are more sensitive to both thermal expansion and contraction and to dampness from underlying screeds, necessitating the inclusion of movement joints at a higher frequency than for stone or ceramic floor tiles (see for example British Standard BS 5385-5: 2011) and verification by testing of the dryness of underlying layers.
Difference between marble and quartz
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Although both the marble- and quartz-based engineered stones are created through a similar process, and multiple companies produce both at the same time, there are distinct differences in their properties and applications.
Marble is a relatively soft material which is prone to scratching, but simple to maintain. Typically it can be repeatedly polished until it becomes too thin. Marble is much more common and accessible around the world, and comes in a wider variety, which gives its engineered counterpart a significant edge in pricing, and more variety in pattern and colors. Engineered marble is typically used as flooring materials for large commercial projects such as hotels, shopping centers, business lobbies, where it combines the attractive appearance of marble with budget-friendly cost and reliable delivery time.
Quartz is a much harder material. The Mohs scale hardness of marble is roughly 3, whereas that of quartz is around 7. This makes it much more resistant to scratching, however it also makes re-polishing and general processing a more difficult task, which is why it is most commonly used for kitchen counter tops, where the value added through processing can offset its considerably higher cost.
There is also a difference between quartz and quartzite, which may be confused because of the similarities in the name. Quartz countertops are man-made even though quartz is a natural material. Quartzite countertops on the other hand are natural and they are considered to be a high end countertop material.[7]
Market development
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Italy was the most dominant country in the supply of engineered stone products from the 1980s until the early 2000s, especially in engineered marble. The growth of the Chinese economy has changed the market drastically as China now has the most producers and largest overall quantity produced. There are estimated to be more than 100 engineered stone suppliers in China alone. India also has roughly 40 slab producing units as of December 2012. The original companies that operate Breton machines such as the Italian companies, Quarella, Santa Margherita and the Taiwanese company Romastone remain the most recognizable brands for marble. The private Spanish company Cosentino brand Silestone and the public Israeli company Caesarstone are the most recognizable brands for quartz, as well as Totem Quartz, an Iranian company which has a huge market in the middle east and Central Asia. Gulfstone, an Oman-based company, is the only producer of engineered quartz stone in the GCC. China is now probably the largest market for engineered marble due to new construction projects, while engineered quartz is primarily sold in North America and Europe as high end residential kitchen counter tops.[citation needed]
Health issues
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As with any silica-containing stone, silicosis can result from breathing dust produced when cutting or processing engineered stone made with quartz. The risk of inhaling quartz dust can be mitigated by taking appropriate safety precautions.[10][11] Risk of silicosis is high when little or no safety precautions or protective equipment are used. This may occur in small shops or in countries where the industry is not regulated or monitored.[12][13]
In Australia, a National Dust Diseases Taskforce was established in July 2019.[14] In Western Australia, legislation was introduced to support the early detection of silicosis caused by engineered stone.[15] Medical practitioners in Western Australia are advised to follow strict guidelines for the health surveillance of at risk workers.[16] In February 2023 Australian trade unions called for banning the importation of engineered stone into Australia.[17] In December of the same year, Australia became the first country to ban engineered stone in response to workers developing silicosis.[18]
In California, 77 workers at quartz countertop fabrication shops have been diagnosed with silicosis as of July, 2023. Inspections by safety officials in 2019 and 2020 showed that 72% of these shops were out of compliance with federal silica dust exposure standards. The state's Occupational Safety & Health Standards Board is fast tracking the development of new safety regulations by late 2023.[19]
See also
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References
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Quartz countertops are the most popular on the market today. They’ve edged out the former reigning king, granite, as the premium surface of choice for residential and commercial applications alike.
In this post, we’ll explore everything you need to know about quartz countertops, including why they’re so highly sought-after.
Pictured: 4001 Fresh Concrete
Quartz countertops are engineered stone surfaces. They combine the best of natural stone with modern manufacturing processes. This results in a surface that’s comparable (and often superior) in beauty to granite and marble while offering greater durability.
At Caesarstone, we produce quartz countertops using roughly 90% loose quartz. The rest is resins and pigments. We mix and blend these materials before molding them into slabs of 120 x 57 inches. From there, we apply 100 tons of pressure to the slab via a vacuum and vibration process.
We then cure the slabs, polish them, and check for quality before labeling them appropriately.
This differs drastically from the manufacturing process for natural stone countertops. For these, manufacturers cut large blocks of stone and then cut them into slabs.
This process offers manufacturers less flexibility to change how the natural stone looks or overcome its shortfalls as we at Caesarstone can with quartz.
Pictured: 5131 Calacata Nuvo
The resins and pigments that we use to manufacture quartz countertops achieve a number of things. Among the most impressive is the wide range of appearances quartz counters come in.
You can find quartz resembling materials such as porcelain, granite, marble, and concrete. Some of the best quartz countertops, however, come in designs unique to the format itself.
There are certain aspects of other countertop materials that rival quartz. Few materials, for example, compare to granite in terms of heat resistance. Caesarstone countertops, however, are the best for all-around durability.
You see, while granite (and most other stone products, including marble, quartzite, and concrete) is virtually impossible to damage with heat, it falters in one key area: porousness.
Stone countertops stain very easily and require regular resealing. This proves quite costly in the long run.
Caesarstone countertops, on the other hand, require no maintenance. They’re essentially life-proof too, offering more resistance to heat, cracking, chipping, etc, than you’ll ever need for indoor use.
Pictured: 5133 Symphony Grey
Because quartz kitchen countertops are the most desirable on the market, they increase your home’s resale value. This (along with a lack of maintenance requirements) offsets the fact that quartz countertops prices in Canada typically exceed that of most other materials. Homeowners who think long-term value instead of merely upfront costs reap this benefit in spades upon reselling their properties.
One common complaint people have about natural stone countertops is that they feel hard and cold. This is because materials like granite actively extract heat from their surroundings. This can be quite unpleasant in countries like Canada, which experiences freezing temperatures for much of the year.
One of the key benefits of quartz countertops is that they feel substantial yet not uninvitingly hard or cold.
It’s no secret that quartz countertop prices exceed those of laminate and a few types of natural stone. But quartz is also better than all other types of countertops. It’s more durable, requires no maintenance, looks better, and retains more value.
In other words, you get what you pay for. Considering this is quartz’s only real downside (which primarily exists if you’re focused on upfront costs), it’s still a no-brainer as far as materials go.
Pictured: 5212 Taj Royale
Quartz countertops cost roughly the same as granite. They start at $40 per square foot at the lower end and can climb beyond $100 per square foot.
All in (materials plus installation) you can expect to pay between $2,000 and $4,000. These quartz countertops prices for Canada are based on current estimates. Visit one of our Caesarstone locations for the most up-to-date information.
Truth be told, not all quartz countertops are created equal. Some wholesale quartz is manufactured cheaply using subpar techniques.
At Caesarstone, we produce the highest-quality quartz countertops in Canada. Our surfaces don’t just keep up with kitchen trends — they set them. Our world-class team of designers and engineers is constantly working to create better and bolder surfaces.
Check out our kitchen design tool to start designing with our surfaces today.
Quartz is currently the most popular countertop material in Canada, and for good reason. Quartz surfaces offer greater durability, beauty, value retention, and overall quality. Whether you’re looking for a residential surface or one for commercial purposes, trust us at Caesarstone for all your quartz needs.
To clean quartz countertops, simply use a washcloth, warm water, and non-acidic soap. This combination is perfect for daily cleaning as well as quick removal of spills as they happen.
Aside from wiping the surface down regularly using non-acidic soap, you don’t really need to do much maintenance with quartz countertops. This differs drastically from natural stone countertops, which require resealing as often as twice annually.
Quartz countertops cost between $40 and $70 per square foot. This is well worth it when you consider the many benefits of quartz, along with its lack of maintenance requirements.
If you’ve managed to stain quartz countertops, you’ll be relieved to know that the stain rarely goes beyond surface-deep. Avoid cleaning materials like bleach, nail polish remover, oven cleaner, or drain cleaner. Instead, use a mild detergent.
Quartz is certainly better than granite. It offers greater stain resistance and better all-around durability. The key difference, however, is that quartz is not porous. It won’t stain as easily.
Granite and quartz cost roughly the same.
We don’t recommend that you place a hot pan on quartz. Its heat resistance is sufficient for day to day normal use but placing a very hot pan on the surface will leave a mark.