Butanediol is UNSAFE when taken by mouth. It has caused serious illness and more than 100 deaths.
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Some side effects of butanediol are serious breathing problems, coma, amnesia, combativeness, confusion, agitation, vomiting, seizures, and very slow heartbeat. People who use butanediol on a regular basis and then stop may experience withdrawal symptoms such as sleep problems (insomnia), tremor, and anxiety.
While butanediol isn't safe for anyone, some people are at even greater risk for serious side effects. Be especially careful not to take butanediol if you have any of the following conditions:
Pregnancy and breast-feeding: Butanediol is UNSAFE for both mother and infant. Don't use it.
A heart rate that is too slow (bradycardia): Gamma hydroxybutyrate (GHB) is a chemical that is formed when the body breaks down butanediol. GHB can slow the heart and may make bradycardia worse in individuals who have this condition.
Epilepsy: Gamma hydroxybutyrate (GHB) is a chemical that is formed when the body breaks down butanediol. GHB can cause seizures and might make epilepsy worse.
High blood pressure: Gamma hydroxybutyrate (GHB) is a chemical that is formed when the body breaks down butanediol. GHB can raise blood pressure and might make high blood pressure worse.
Surgery: Butanediol can slow down the central nervous system (CNS). Anesthesia and some other medications used during surgery have the same effect. There is concern that using butanediol along with these other medications might slow down the CNS too much and cause extreme sleepiness. Stop using butanediol at least 2 weeks before a scheduled surgery.
Interaction Rating:Be cautious with this combination.Talk with your health provider.
Alcohol can cause sleepiness and drowsiness. Taking butanediol along with alcohol might greatly increase sleepiness and drowsiness caused by alcohol. Taking butanediol along with alcohol can lead to serious side effects. Do not take butanediol if you have been drinking.
AmphetaminesInteraction Rating: Moderate Be cautious with this combination.Talk with your health provider.Interaction Rating:Be cautious with this combination.Talk with your health provider.
Amphetamines are drugs that can speed up your nervous system. Butanediol is changed in the body to GHB (gamma hydroxybutyrate). GHB can slow down your nervous system. Taking butanediol along with amphetamines can lead to serious side effects.
Haloperidol (Haldol)Interaction Rating: Moderate Be cautious with this combination.Talk with your health provider.Interaction Rating:Be cautious with this combination.Talk with your health provider.
Butanediol can affect the brain. Haloperidol (Haldol) can also affect the brain. Taking haloperidol (Haldol) along with butanediol might cause serious side effects.
Medications for mental conditions (Antipsychotic drugs)Interaction Rating: Moderate Be cautious with this combination.Talk with your health provider.Interaction Rating:Be cautious with this combination.Talk with your health provider.
Butanediol can affect the brain. Medications for mental conditions also affect the brain. Taking butanediol along with medications for mental conditions might increase the effects and serious side effects of butanediol. Do not take butanediol if you are taking medications for a mental condition.
Some of these medications include fluphenazine (Permitil, Prolixin), haloperidol (Haldol), chlorpromazine (Thorazine), prochlorperazine (Compazine), thioridazine (Mellaril), trifluoperazine (Stelazine), and others.
Medications for pain (Narcotic drugs)Interaction Rating: Moderate Be cautious with this combination.Talk with your health provider.Interaction Rating:Be cautious with this combination.Talk with your health provider.
Some medications for pain can cause sleepiness and drowsiness. Butanediol might also cause sleepiness and drowsiness. Taking butanediol along with some medications for pain might cause severe side effects. Do not take butanediol if you are taking medications for pain.
Some medications for pain include meperidine (Demerol), hydrocodone, morphine, OxyContin, and many others.
Medications used to prevent seizures (Anticonvulsants)Interaction Rating: Moderate Be cautious with this combination.Talk with your health provider.Interaction Rating:Be cautious with this combination.Talk with your health provider.
Medications used to prevent seizures affect chemicals in the brain. Butanediol is changed in the body to one of these brain chemicals called GABA. Taking butanediol along with medications used to prevent seizures might decrease the effects of butanediol.
Some medications used to prevent seizures include phenobarbital, primidone (Mysoline), valproic acid (Depakene), gabapentin (Neurontin), carbamazepine (Tegretol), phenytoin (Dilantin), and others.
Muscle relaxantsInteraction Rating: Moderate Be cautious with this combination.Talk with your health provider.Interaction Rating:Be cautious with this combination.Talk with your health provider.
Muscle relaxants can cause drowsiness. Butanediol can also cause drowsiness. Taking butanediol along with muscle relaxants might cause too much drowsiness and serious side effects. Do not take butanediol if you are taking muscle relaxants.
Some of these muscle relaxants include carisoprodol (Soma), pipecuronium (Arduan), orphenadrine (Banflex, Disipal), cyclobenzaprine, gallamine (Flaxedil), atracurium (Tracrium), pancuronium (Pavulon), succinylcholine (Anectine), and others.
Naloxone (Narcan)Interaction Rating: Moderate Be cautious with this combination.Talk with your health provider.Interaction Rating:Be cautious with this combination.Talk with your health provider.
Butanediol is changed by the body to another chemical. This chemical is called GHB. GHB can affect the brain. Taking naloxone (Narcan) along with butanediol might decrease the effects of butanediol on the brain.
Ritonavir (Norvir)Interaction Rating: Moderate Be cautious with this combination.Talk with your health provider.Interaction Rating:Be cautious with this combination.Talk with your health provider.
Ritonavir (Norvir) and saquinavir (Fortovase, Invirase) are commonly used together for HIV/AIDS. Taking both these medications plus butanediol might decrease how quickly the body gets rid of butanediol. This could cause serious side effects.
Saquinavir (Fortovase, Invirase)Interaction Rating: Moderate Be cautious with this combination.Talk with your health provider.Interaction Rating:Be cautious with this combination.Talk with your health provider.
Saquinavir (Fortovase, Invirase) and ritonavir (Norvir) are commonly used together for HIV/AIDS. Taking both these medications plus butanediol might decrease how fast the body gets rid of butanediol. This could cause serious side effects.
Sedative medications (Benzodiazepines)Interaction Rating: Moderate Be cautious with this combination.Talk with your health provider.Interaction Rating:Be cautious with this combination.Talk with your health provider.
Butanediol might cause sleepiness and drowsiness. Medications that cause sleepiness and drowsiness are called sedatives. Taking butanediol along with sedative medications might cause serious side effects. Do not take butanediol if you are taking sedative medications.
Some of these sedative medications include clonazepam (Klonopin), diazepam (Valium), lorazepam (Ativan), and others.
Sedative medications (CNS depressants)Interaction Rating: Moderate Be cautious with this combination.Talk with your health provider.Interaction Rating:Be cautious with this combination.Talk with your health provider.
Butanediol might cause sleepiness and drowsiness. Medications that cause sleepiness are called sedatives. Taking butanediol along with sedative medications might cause serious side effects. Do not take butanediol if you are taking sedative medications.
Some sedative medications include clonazepam (Klonopin), lorazepam (Ativan), phenobarbital (Donnatal), zolpidem (Ambien), and others.
The appropriate dose of butanediol (BD) depends on several factors such as the user's age, health, and several other conditions. At this time there is not enough scientific information to determine an appropriate range of doses for butanediol (BD). Keep in mind that natural products are not always necessarily safe and dosages can be important. Be sure to follow relevant directions on product labels and consult your pharmacist or physician or other healthcare professional before using.
Fatal overdose may occur when GABAergic substances are combined with other depressants such as opiates, benzodiazepines, barbiturates, gabapentinoids, thienodiazepines or alcohol.[1]
It is strongly discouraged to combine these substances, particularly in common to heavy doses.
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1,4-Butanediol (also known as 1,4-B, BDO, BD or 1,4-BD) is a depressant substance and a prodrug for GHB. It occurs as a thick, colorless liquid or solid depending on storage temperature (melting point of 20 &#;), and has a distinct bitter-sweet taste.[3] It is used as a recreational intoxicant with effects similar to alcohol and GHB.[4] 1 ml of 1,4-butanediol is equivalent to 1.4 g of Na-GHB.
1,4-Butanediol is used industrially as a solvent and in the manufacture of some types of plastics, elastic fibers and polyurethanes. In organic chemistry, it is used for the synthesis of γ-butyrolactone (GBL).[5]
1,4-Butanediol, as well as GBL, will dissolve most types of plastic over time.[6] For this reason, it is recommended to only transport and store the drug using a glass container, standard gelatin capsules (not vegetarian), or high-density polyethylene plastic (also known as #2 recycled plastic). To check the type of plastic used on a bottle, one can look at the bottom for a number in the triangle-shaped recycling label.
Chemistry
1,4-Butanediol is classified as a subclass of alcoholic compounds called diols. Diols are named for having two alcohol (OH-) substitutions in their structure. 1,4-Butanediol is comprised of a butane chain of four carbon groups with an alcohol group bound to each terminal carbon of this chain. 1,4-Butanediol is named for these alcohol substitutions, which are located at R1 and R4. These alcohol substitutions make 1,4-Butanediol a polar liquid, which explains its good solubility in water.
Physically, it is a hygroscopic colorless oily liquid with a barely noticeable characteristic odor. Unlike GHB, 1,4-Butanediol has a distinct taste, described as being repulsive, plastic-like and chemical.
Pharmacology
1,4-Butanediol is not active in its own right; its mechanism of action stems from its identity as a prodrug of GHB.[7]
It is converted into GHB in the liver by the enzymes alcohol dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenase, which is the same enzyme as alcohol.[8] 1,4-Butanediol is first converted into 4-hydroxybutaldehyde in the liver and is released into the bloodstream before returning to the liver to convert into GHB. This process results in a much more delayed onset than GBL or GHB.[9] 4-hydroxybutaldehyde, even though it is an aldehyde, does not have the same organ toxicity associated with acetaldehyde.[10] One reason could be the very fast metabolism to GHB.
Metabolic pathways of GBL and 1,4-Butanediol as prodrugs for GHB
The differing levels of dehydrogenase enzymes can vary between individuals, meaning that, like alcohol, effects can differ greatly between users. In many, this manifests as a slow onset of effects and a higher rate of aldehyde collecting in the bloodstream, causing more toxic side effects. Because of these pharmacokinetic differences, 1,4-butanediol tends to be less potent and with a slower onset than GHB but has a longer duration; the related compound GBL tends to be slightly more potent and faster to take effect but more short-acting than GHB.
Subjective effects
Bottle of 1,4 Butanediol.
Disclaimer: The effects listed below cite the Subjective Effect Index (SEI), an open research literature based on anecdotal user reports and the personal analyses of PsychonautWiki contributors. As a result, they should be viewed with a healthy degree of skepticism.
It is also worth noting that these effects will not necessarily occur in a predictable or reliable manner, although higher doses are more liable to induce the full spectrum of effects. Likewise, adverse effects become increasingly likely with higher doses and may include addiction, severe injury, or death &#;.
Experience reports
Anecdotal reports which describe the effects of this compound within our experience index include:
Additional experience reports can be found here
Toxicity and harm potential
[11]Radar plot showing relative physical harm, social harm, and dependence of GHB
1,4-Butanediol is not active in its own right; its mechanism of action stems from its identity as a prodrug of GHB, meaning that it is rapidly converted into GHB in the body.
GHB is considered to be a safe and non-toxic substance when used responsibly or medically. The LD50 is above the active dosage, and there is no danger of acute toxicity when this compound is taken at appropriate dosages. However, it can be dangerous when used as a recreational drug or abused. There have been many negative reports from recreational users who have overdosed, combined GHB with alcohol or other drugs, or accidentally dosed themselves unexpectedly.[12]
One publication has investigated 226 deaths attributed to GHB.[13] Seventy-one deaths (34%) were caused by GHB alone while the other deaths were from respiratory depression caused by interaction with alcohol or other drugs.
To avoid a possible overdose of GHB/1,4-Butanediol, it is important to start with a low dose and work your way up slowly by increasing the dosage in small increments as the exact toxic dosage is unknown.
Accidental ingestions of 1,4-Butanediol have also occurred due to inadequate storage methods. If 1,4-Butanediol is put into a clear liquid, glass, or bottle, it can be easily mistaken for water. It is recommended to clearly label your 1,4-Butanediol in writing and dye the liquid with blue food coloring so it no longer resembles a drinkable beverage. It is also recommended to store your 1,4-Butanediol in a container that no one would drink out of.
It is strongly recommended that one use harm reduction practices when using this drug.
Neurotoxicity
In multiple studies, GHB has been found to impair spatial memory, working memory, learning and memory in rats with chronic administration.[14][15][16][17] These effects are associated with decreased NMDA receptor expression in the cerebral cortex and possibly other areas as well.[18]
One study found that repeated administration of GHB to rats for 15 days drastically reduced the number of neurons and non-neuronal cells within the hippocampus and in the prefrontal cortex. With doses of 10 mg/kg of GHB, they were decreased by 61% in the hippocampus region and 32% in the prefrontal cortex, and with 100 mg/kg, they were decreased by 38% and 9%, respectively. This paper demonstrates contradicting effects on neuronal loss, with lower doses (10 mg/kg) producing the most neurotoxicity, and higher doses (100 mg/kg) producing less.
Tolerance and addiction potential
[19]This table compares the withdrawal symptoms of GHB/1,4-Butanediol, benzodiazepines , and alcohol
GHB/1,4-Butanediol is moderately physically and psychologically addictive. The frequent use of GHB/1,4-Butanediol can cause withdrawal symptoms similar to those caused by other depressants such as alcohol and benzodiazepines if abruptly discontinued.[20][21] These symptoms seem to depend on the dosage and the length of time the drug was used for. Light to moderate users often experience anxiety, insomnia, sleep-related problems, and tremors whereas heavy use can cause severe withdrawal symptoms like delirium, psychosis, and hallucinations.[22][19]
Although there have been reported fatalities due to GHB/1,4-Butanediol withdrawal, reports are inconclusive and further research is needed.[23]
Tolerance will develop to the sedative-hypnotic effects within several weeks of continuous use. After cessation, the tolerance returns to baseline in 7 - 14 days. Withdrawal symptoms or rebound symptoms may occur after ceasing usage abruptly following a few weeks or longer of steady dosing, and may necessitate a gradual dose reduction.
Dangerous interactions
Warning: Many psychoactive substances that are reasonably safe to use on their own can suddenly become dangerous and even life-threatening when combined with certain other substances. The following list provides some known dangerous interactions (although it is not guaranteed to include all of them).
Always conduct independent research (e.g. Google, DuckDuckGo, PubMed) to ensure that a combination of two or more substances is safe to consume. Some of the listed interactions have been sourced from TripSit.
Legal status
See also
References
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